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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">infojournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Информатика и образование</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Informatics and education</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0234-0453</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7769</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House Education and Informatics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32517/0234-0453-2026-41-1-8-22</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">infojournal-1423</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОНКУРС ИНФО-2025</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFO-2025 CONTEST</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Промпт-инженерия в контексте научного познания: типология и практика применения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prompt engineering in the context of scientific inquiry: Typology and practice of application</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3590-3053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токтарова</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toktarova</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Токтарова Вера Ивановна, доктор пед. наук, доцент,проректор по стратегическому развитию, профессор кафедры прикладной математики и информатики, физико-математический факультет, Институт цифровых технологий</p><p>г. Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vera I. Toktarova, Doctor of Sciences (Education), Docent,Vice Rector for Strategic Development, Professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Digital Technologies</p><p>Yoshkar-Ola, The Mari El Republic, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">toktarova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ребко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rebko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ребко Ольга Васильевна, преподаватель кафедры прикладной математики иинформатики, физико-математический факультет, Институт цифровых технологий</p><p>г. Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл, Россия</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Rebko, Lector at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Digital Technologies</p><p>Yoshkar-Ola, The Mari El Republic, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">molochki@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семенова Дина Алексеевна, канд. пед. наук, доцент, руководитель проектно-аналитического офиса, доцент кафедры прикладной математики и информатики, физико-математический факультет, Институт цифровых технологий</p><p>г. Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл, Россия</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dina A. Semenova, Candidate of Sciences (Education), Docent, Head of the Project and Analytical Office, Associate Professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Digital Technologies</p><p>Yoshkar-Ola, The Mari El Republic, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i@dinasemenova.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Марийский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Mari State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>41</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Токтарова В.И., Ребко О.В., Семенова Д.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Токтарова В.И., Ребко О.В., Семенова Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toktarova V.I., Rebko O.V., Semenova D.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://info.infojournal.ru/jour/article/view/1423">https://info.infojournal.ru/jour/article/view/1423</self-uri><abstract><p>В условиях активного внедрения генеративных моделей искусственного интеллекта в научно-исследовательскую и образовательную практику промпт-инженерия трансформируется из технического навыка взаимодействия с ИИ в эпистемическую практику, интегрированную в логику научного познания. В статье обоснована и представлена типология промптов, основанная на их функциональных или структурных характеристиках, соотнесенная с теоретическими и эмпирическими методами научного познания. Предложена двумерная типологическая модель, в которой первый измеритель соотносит промпт с уровнем научного познания — теоретическим (анализ, синтез, индукция, дедукция, моделирование и др.) или эмпирическим (наблюдение, эксперимент, измерение, интерпретаци), а второй — с уровнем когнитивной сложности в соответствии с актуализированной таксономией Блума (уровни от запоминания до создания). Эмпирические наблюдения за учебно-исследовательской деятельностью студентов педагогических направлений подготовки в Марийском государственном университете выявили прямую связь между структурой промпта и качеством когнитивного вовлечения обучающегося. Описаны типичные ошибки студентов при формулировании «уязвимых» промптов, которые позволяют ИИ полностью заменить мыслительную деятельность обучающихся. Показаны примеры сильных (устойчивых) промптов, направленных на активизацию анализа, интерпретации, рефлексии и работы с собственными данными. Представлены методические рекомендации по конструированию научно и педагогически значимых промптов, включая использование личного опыта, методологических дилемм ипроцедур верификации. Сформулирован вывод онеобходимости переосмысления промпт-инженерии: от восприятия ее как технического средства формулирования запросов к методологической стратегии совместного когнитивного взаимодействия с искусственным интеллектом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the context of the active integration of generative artificial intelligence models into research and educational practice, prompt engineering is transforming from a technical skill of interacting with AI into an epistemic practice embedded within the logic of scientific inquiry. The article substantiates and presents a typology of prompts based on their functional and structural characteristics, correlated with theoretical and empirical methods of scientific cognition. A two-dimensional typological model is proposed, in which the first dimension relates a prompt to the level of scientific knowledge – either theoretical (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling, etc.) or empirical (observation, experimentation, measurement, interpretation), while the second dimension corresponds to the level of cognitive complexity in accordance with the revised Bloom’s taxonomy (ranging from remembering to creating). Empirical observations of the educational and research activities of pedagogy students at Mari State University reveal a direct relationship between prompt structure and the quality of students’ cognitive engagement. The study identifies common errors made by students when formulating ineffective (vulnerable) prompts that enable AI to fully substitute for learners’ cognitive activity. Examples of effective (robust) prompts are provided, aimed at activating analysis, interpretation, reflection, and engagement with one’s own data. Methodological recommendations for constructing scientifically and pedagogically meaningful prompts are presented, including the use of personal experience, methodological dilemmas, and verification procedures. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to reconceptualize prompt engineering – from a technical means of query formulation to a methodological strategy for collaborative cognitive interaction with artificial intelligence.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генеративный искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>ИИ</kwd><kwd>промпт-инженерия</kwd><kwd>научное познание</kwd><kwd>промпт</kwd><kwd>таксономия Блума</kwd><kwd>эпистемическая практика</kwd><kwd>теоретические методы</kwd><kwd>эмпирические методы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>generative artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>AI</kwd><kwd>prompt engineering</kwd><kwd>scientific cognition</kwd><kwd>prompt</kwd><kwd>Bloom’s taxonomy</kwd><kwd>epistemic practice</kwd><kwd>theoretical methods</kwd><kwd>empirical methods</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Токтарова В. И., Попова О. 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